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A shift in ‘quality of life’ and life expectancy. We live longer now, have less physically stressful occupations, and have easier access to more food. ‘The epidemic of obesity can be understood as a logical consequence of the fact that it has become progressively easier to consume more calories while expending fewer.’ (2)

a b c Alina Bradford (26 November 2018). "Sloths: The World's Slowest Mammals". Live Science. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020 . Retrieved 22 November 2020. What is clear is that any single explanation maybe possible for any given individual, but it is the social implications of ‘obesity’ that have now turned it into today’s ‘epidemic’ of obesity. The cultural implications of these claims are vitiated by specific, contemporary attitudes towards the body and its meanings within the system in which it is found. As a culturally bound concept ‘epidemic’ today has the power that ‘gluttony’ had in the Middle Ages. Both gain their power from the system of meaning that shapes attitudes towards socially acceptable and non-acceptable categories. We must remember that this anxiety about epidemics is a recent if resurgent phenomenon (it mirrors the rhetoric of the 19th century). As late as 1969 the then Surgeon General of the United States, William T. Stewart, suggested to Congress that it was now ‘time to close the book on infectious disease as a major health threat’. Three decades later, in 1996, Gro Harlem Brundtland, the then Director-General of the World Health Organization, gave a very different prophecy: ‘We stand on the brink of a global crisis in infectious diseases. No country is safe from them’. We moved from a sense of accomplishment to one of foreboding. The new epidemic is that of ‘fat’ – though in 2009 ‘swine flu’ has come to challenge for the moment its centrality in the public sphere. The Haslams believe that their physiology of fat reflects transhistorical (evolutionary or physiological) truths, not cultural meanings grafted onto the social implications of body size. Montgomery, Sy. "Community Ecology of the Sloth". Cecropia: Supplemental Information. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 September 2009. The sloth’s hair is a living, breathing home to many different organisms, from microbes, insects to fungi and algae. Even the entire lifecycle of some moth species, including Cryptoses Choloepi Dyar, relies almost exclusively on sloths. When a sloth climbs down to defecate on the forest floor, female moths lay their eggs in the dung. Once adult moths emerge from the dung, they fly to the canopy to mate in the sloth's fur, and the whole cycle begins all over again. The 'Busy' Life of the Sloth | BBC Earth". YouTube. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021 . Retrieved 11 February 2022.The common ancestor of the two existing sloth genera dates to about 28 million years ago, [8] with similarities between the two- and three- toed sloths an example of convergent evolution to an arboreal lifestyle, "one of the most striking examples of convergent evolution known among mammals". [13] The ancient Xenarthra included a significantly greater variety of species, with a wider distribution, than those of today. Ancient sloths were mostly terrestrial, and some reached sizes that rival those of elephants, as was the case for Megatherium. [4] Megalonyx wheatleyi ( Megalonychidae) fossil ( AMNH) and restoration Paramylodon harlani ( Mylodontidae, San Diego) The three-toed sloth (family Bradypodidae) is also called the ai in Latin America because of the high-pitched cry it produces when agitated. All four species belong to the same genus, Bradypus, and the coloration of their short facial hair bestows them with a perpetually smiling expression. The brown-throated three-toed sloth ( B. variegatus) occurs in Central and South America from Honduras to northern Argentina; the pale-throated three-toed sloth ( B. tridactylus) is found in northern South America; the maned sloth ( B. torquatus) is restricted to the small Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil; and the pygmy three-toed sloth ( B. pygmaeus) inhabits the Isla Escudo de Veraguas, a small Caribbean island off the northwestern coast of Panama.

Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (15 May 2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. pp.624 (see pp. 94–95, 97). ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1. OCLC 493329394. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 25 September 2016. Sloths arose in South America during a long period of isolation and eventually spread to a number of the Caribbean islands as well as North America. It is thought that swimming led to oceanic dispersal of pilosans to the Greater Antilles by the Oligocene, and that the megalonychid Pliometanastes and the mylodontid Thinobadistes were able to colonise North America about 9 million years ago, well before the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. The latter development, about 3 million years ago, allowed megatheriids and nothrotheriids to also invade North America as part of the Great American Interchange. Additionally, the nothrotheriid Thalassocnus of the west coast of South America became adapted to a semiaquatic and, eventually, perhaps fully aquatic marine lifestyle. [14] In Peru and Chile, Thalassocnus entered the coastal habitat beginning in the late Miocene. Initially they just stood in the water, but over a span of 4 million years they eventually evolved into swimming creatures, becoming specialist bottom feeders of seagrasses, similar to extant marine sirenians. [15] Chiarello, A. & Moraes-Barros, N. (2014). " Bradypus torquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T3036A47436575. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3036A47436575.en.Thank you for allowing us to respond to this review by Sander Gilman whose work we have admired and enjoyed.

Two-toed sloths are omnivorous, with a diverse diet of insects, carrion, fruits, leaves and small lizards, ranging over up to 140 hectares (350 acres). Three-toed sloths, on the other hand, are almost entirely herbivorous (plant eaters), with a limited diet of leaves from only a few trees, [39] and no other mammal digests its food as slowly. The Folivora are divided into at least eight families, only two of which have living species; the remainder are entirely extinct ( †): [8] All species of sloth live in South and Central America in various lowland rainforest areas. This includes countries such as Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Honduras, and Venezuela. a b Gardner, A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rded.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.100–101. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Wild brown-throated three-toed sloths sleep on average 9.6 hours a day. [37] Two-toed sloths are nocturnal. [38] Three-toed sloths are mostly nocturnal, but can be active in the day. They spend 90 per cent of their time motionless. [24] BehaviorSloths: Hottest-Selling Animal in Colombia's Illegal Pet Trade". ABC News. 29 May 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020 . Retrieved 2 December 2017. The IUCN Red List currently categorises four of the sloth species as least concern, one species as vulnerable, and one species as critically endangered—the pygmy three-toed sloth. The maned three-toed sloth was previously listed as endangered because their range was thought to be very restricted. However, new data found more areas where this species lives, and they were recategorized as vulnerable. Sloths are famous for their bizarre bathroom habits. They will only relieve themselves once a week and can lose up to a third of their body weight in one sitting! Furthermore, they will only do it on the ground after wiggling around the base of a tree to dig a little hole. This weird weekly routine remains one of the biggest mysteries surrounding sloth behaviour. While there are many different theories, the likely explanation is that it’s all about communication and reproduction. Scientists still do not understand why sloths risk their lives to poop on the ground. 4. Sloths are blind in bright daylight Schelling, Ameena (19 May 2016). "Famous Sloth Sanctuary Is A Nightmare For Animals, Ex-Workers Say". The Dodo. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021 . Retrieved 20 May 2016.