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Camera Victorian Eyewitness A History of Photography: 1826-1913

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Above: Daguerreotype camera designed by Marc Antoine Gaudin (1804‑1880) of Paris in 1841 and made commercially by the instrument‑maker NMP Lerebours (1801‑1873). This example has been adapted to take small rectangular images, and is fitted into a wooden box which once also contained the necessary equipment and chemicals. The first mass-marketed SLR that properly utilized the design we know today was the Italian “Rectaflex,” which had a run of 1000 cameras before production was halted due to World War II., William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) is a key figure in the history of photography: he invented early photographic processes and established the basic principle of photography as a negative/positive process. Front focus models were introduced by Watson (c. 1883) and by Lancaster on several models including the Brass Bound Instantograph (1891).

Many charities for the poor, like the Salvation Army and Barnardo’s, were established during the Victorian era. They fed the hungry in soup kitchens, and looked after the poorest children in orphanages.Field cameras are characterised by a rear standard that can move along the baseboard and a front standard that also moves or is attached to a movable focusing frame. The cameras were very flexible suitable for wide-angle work, with the two standards pushed close together, or long-focus work with the long bellows extension employed. The camera was lighter in construction than the tailboard and became popular for outdoor use. Only a handful of these cameras were made. There is a story of a similar, earlier model made by a Thomas Skaife, who, upon pointing his pistol-shaped camera at Queen Victoria during a procession, was promptly arrested! Hare's 'Improved Portable Bellows Camera' introduced early in 1878 was the model for this type of camera, it was widely copied by other manufacturers and changed little over the following 80 years. Thomas Wedgwood, the son of famous potter and entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood, conducted many early photography experiments. He is the first person known to have considered creating permanent photographs; however, his attempts were largely unsuccessful. He managed to create ‘photograms’, but these were not light-fast (resistant to light).

Also in 1851, the scientist Sir David Brewster (1781-1868) presented lenticular stereoscopy to the world for the first time, at the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London. One, however, did point out a potential flaw which had more to do with the design of the photographer than with that of the camera: Victorian song sheets provide a fascinating glimpse into contemporary attitudes to photography, such as this response to the new instantaneous hidden cameras. Throughout the period to the start of the first world war prices of stand cameras remained steady when comparing similar models. But, as amateur photography increased in popularity there was a trend to produce cheaper models. This was achieved by incorporating fewer features, using cheaper materials and employing less labour intensive production methods.Some detective cameras relied on concealment rather than disguise. The best-known of these concealed cameras is Stirn’s waistcoat camera—invented by an American but turned into a commercial success by a German. It was such a “camera” that Niepce experimented with when using silver chloride, and the devices would become the basis for his partner’s next great invention. Daguerreotypes and Calotypes

A glass plate is coated with the wet collodion solution containing light-sensitive silver salts and exposed whilst the plate is still wet. Photographs have to be taken within 15 minutes of coating the plate so a portable dark room is needed; however, the exposure time is less than for daguerreotypes and calotypes, making outdoor photography easier. A sharp glass negative image is created that captures microscopic detail. Positive copies can be made from this, usually of albumen prints on paper. These prints are sharper than those created by Talbot’s calotype process and less liable to fade. New inventions, like the telephone, motorcar, typewriter, bicycle and moving film totally changed the way that people lived, worked and travelled. In 1856, an engineer named Henry Bessemer invented a new method for turning iron into steel making it possible to build ships, bridges and other structures on a scale like never before! A photograph of the locomotive named the ‘Iron Duke’, with two engineers on board. Several proposals were made for Monorail cameras but came to nothing. Wood was not the best material for this design and metal would have resulted in a heavy camera. SizesThe tailboard pattern developed from the Bellows wet-plate cameras of the 1860s. The folding tailboard arrangement was used on Judge's and Capt. Shaw's cameras, both of which were commercially produced, from then it was widely used except on cameras intended for use in the studio. By the late 1870s the focusing screen was generally hinged to the rear standard or reversing frame rather than being removable as in earlier times. From the beginning, inventors wanted to find a way to produce images in the colors we see as humans . While some found success in using multiple plays, others tried to find a new chemical with which they could coat the photographic plate. A relatively successful method used color filters between the lens and plate.

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