My Living World LW101 Interplay ANT World, Single, Mixed

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Ants generally live in colonies, sometimes consisting of millions of them divided into groups with different roles such as workers, soldiers, and queens. The workers, all females, care for the bigger queen and her offspring, maintain the nest, and forage for food. Males mate with queens, then die. Swenson JE, Jansson A, Riig R, Sandegren R (1999). "Bears and ants: myrmecophagy by brown bears in central Scandinavia". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (4): 551–561. doi: 10.1139/z99-004. Deen MY (1990). "Islamic Environmental Ethics, Law, and Society" (PDF). In Engel JR, Engel JG (eds.). Ethics of Environment and Development. Bellhaven Press, London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2011. Most ants are predatory and some prey on and obtain food from other social insects including other ants. Some species specialise in preying on termites ( Megaponera and Termitopone) while a few Cerapachyinae prey on other ants. [121] Some termites, including Nasutitermes corniger, form associations with certain ant species to keep away predatory ant species. [175] The tropical wasp Mischocyttarus drewseni coats the pedicel of its nest with an ant-repellent chemical. [176] It is suggested that many tropical wasps may build their nests in trees and cover them to protect themselves from ants. Other wasps, such as A. multipicta, defend against ants by blasting them off the nest with bursts of wing buzzing. [177] Stingless bees ( Trigona and Melipona) use chemical defences against ants. [121]

a b "Pest Notes: Ants (Publication 7411)". University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2008. The largest ant colony in the world is the Argentine super colony, which measures 3,730 miles (6,004 km) in length. The colony stretches from near the city of A Coruna, Spain to near Genoa, on Italy’s coast. Fiala B, Maschwitz U, Pong TY, Helbig AJ (June 1989). "Studies of a South East Asian ant-plant association: protection of Macaranga trees by Crematogaster borneensis" (PDF). Oecologia. 79 (4): 463–470. Bibcode: 1989Oecol..79..463F. doi: 10.1007/bf00378662. PMID 28313479. S2CID 21112371. Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (1990). The Ants. Harvard University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-674-04075-5.a b c Patek SN, Baio JE, Fisher BL, Suarez AV (August 2006). "Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (34): 12787–12792. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10312787P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604290103. PMC 1568925. PMID 16924120. Kautz S, Rubin BE, Russell JA, Moreau CS (January 2013). "Surveying the microbiome of ants: comparing 454 pyrosequencing with traditional methods to uncover bacterial diversity". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 79 (2): 525–534. Bibcode: 2013ApEnM..79..525K. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03107-12. PMC 3553759. PMID 23124239. Delsuc F (November 2003). "Army ants trapped by their evolutionary history". PLOS Biology. 1 (2): E37. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0000037. PMC 261877. PMID 14624241.

a b Franks NR, Resh VH, Cardé RT, eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 29–32. ISBN 978-0-12-586990-4. Gaul AT (1951). "A Glossary of Terms and Phrases Used in the Study of Social Insects". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 44 (3): 473–484. doi: 10.1093/aesa/44.3.473. ISSN 1938-2901. Both the legs and wings of the ant are attached to the mesosoma ("thorax"). The legs terminate in a hooked claw which allows them to hook on and climb surfaces. [43] Only reproductive ants ( queens and males) have wings. Queens shed their wings after the nuptial flight, leaving visible stubs, a distinguishing feature of queens. In a few species, wingless queens ( ergatoids) and males occur. [38] Metasoma Worker ants can’t have babies. That means when a queen dies, the colony usually dies a few months later. Like all ants, they can also make use of visual landmarks when available [126] as well as olfactory and tactile cues to navigate. [127] [128] Some species of ant are able to use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation. [129] The compound eyes of ants have specialised cells that detect polarised light from the Sun, which is used to determine direction. [130] [131]

Cook, Zoe; Franks, Daniel W.; Robinson, Elva J.H. (2013). "Exploration versus exploitation in polydomous ant colonies". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 323: 49–56. Bibcode: 2013JThBi.323...49C. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.01.022. PMID 23380232. Robson SK, Kohout RJ (2005). "Evolution of nest-weaving behaviour in arboreal nesting ants of the genus Polyrhachis Fr. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Australian Journal of Entomology. 44 (2): 164–169. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2005.00462.x. Boudinot, Brendon E; Richter, Adrian; Katzke, Julian; Chaul, Júlio C M; Keller, Roberto A; Economo, Evan P; Beutel, Rolf Georg; Yamamoto, Shûhei (29 July 2022). "Evidence for the evolution of eusociality in stem ants and a systematic revision of † Gerontoformica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 195 (4): 1355–1389. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab097. ISSN 0024-4082. Russell JA, Moreau CS, Goldman-Huertas B, Fujiwara M, Lohman DJ, Pierce NE (December 2009). "Bacterial gut symbionts are tightly linked with the evolution of herbivory in ants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (50): 21236–21241. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..10621236R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907926106. PMC 2785723. PMID 19948964.

There are certain parts of the world where we have little data and we cannot reach reliable estimates for all continents. Africa is one such example. We have long known that it is a very ant-rich continent but also very under-studied,” Schultheiss said. Ants are active all year long in the tropics; however, in cooler regions, they survive the winter in a state of dormancy known as hibernation. The forms of inactivity are varied and some temperate species have larvae going into the inactive state ( diapause), while in others, the adults alone pass the winter in a state of reduced activity. [67] Alate male ant, Prenolepis imparis Reproduction Honey ants ( Prenolepis imparis) mating Giladi I (2006). "Choosing benefits or partners: a review of the evidence for the evolution of myrmecochory". Oikos. 112 (3): 481–492. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.530.1306. doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14258.x. We recommend adult supervision for young children, not suitable for children under 36 months due to small parts that may represent a choking hazard. Diehl E, Junqueira LK, Berti-Filho E (August 2005). "Ant and termite mound coinhabitants in the wetlands of Santo Antonio da Patrulha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 65 (3): 431–437. doi: 10.1590/S1519-69842005000300008. PMID 16341421.Traniello JFA (1989). "Foraging strategies of ants". Annual Review of Entomology. 34: 191–210. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001203.

The word ant and the archaic word emmet [5] are derived from ante, emete of Middle English, which come from ǣmette of Old English; these are all related to Low Saxon e(e)mt, empe and varieties ( Old Saxon emeta) and to German Ameise ( Old High German āmeiza). All of these words come from West Germanic * ǣmaitjōn, and the original meaning of the word was "the biter" (from Proto-Germanic * ai-, "off, away" + * mait- "cut"). [6] [7] Andersen SB, Gerritsma S, Yusah KM, Mayntz D, Hywel-Jones NL, Billen J, Boomsma JJ, Hughes DP (September 2009). "The life of a dead ant: the expression of an adaptive extended phenotype" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 174 (3): 424–433. doi: 10.1086/603640. hdl: 11370/e6374602-b2a0-496c-b78e-774b34fb152b. PMID 19627240. S2CID 31283817.

a b Wilson EO, Hölldobler B (May 2005). "The rise of the ants: a phylogenetic and ecological explanation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (21): 7411–7414. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..102.7411W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502264102. PMC 1140440. PMID 15899976. Excellence in Software Awards Winners". Software & Information Industry Association. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 April 2008. Auld TD (1996). "Ecology of the Fabaceae in the Sydney region: fire, ants and the soil seedbank". Cunninghamia. 4 (22). a b Moreau CS, Bell CD, Vila R, Archibald SB, Pierce NE (April 2006). "Phylogeny of the ants: diversification in the age of angiosperms". Science. 312 (5770): 101–104. Bibcode: 2006Sci...312..101M. doi: 10.1126/science.1124891. PMID 16601190. S2CID 20729380. Red Harvester Ants ( Pogonomyrmes barbatus) – native to the Southwestern United States, where they prefer arid habitats, these ants range in size from .23 to .27 inches. Their painful sting is based on the Schmidt sting pain index, where on a scale of 1 to 4, they are rated a pain level of 3, and they can be aggressive and vicious in their bite patterns. The harvester ants also have one of the most toxic venoms and certain species can trigger severe allergic reactions, even leading to death.