Butterfly Brain

Product Information

Within the human brainstem, there are several areas of gray matter. The best-known area is the red nucleus of the midbrain. Other outer parts of the brainstem contain white matter. Matheson, A. M. M. et al. A neural circuit for wind-guided olfactory navigation. Nat. Commun. 13, 4613 (2022). Fisher, Y. E. Flexible navigational computations in the Drosophila central complex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 73, 102514 (2022).

Li, H. et al. Co-expression network analysis identified hub genes critical to triglyceride and free fatty acid metabolism as key regulators of age-related vascular dysfunction in mice. Aging 11(18), 7620–7638. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102275 (2019). Considering the patients with glioma, previous studies reported the clinical characteristics of low-grade glioma associated with negative factors included being aged >40 years at diagnosis, presence of neurologic deficit before surgery seizure, diameter of the tumor >6 cm, KPS score <70, tumor crossing the midline, and astrocytoma histology subtype.[ 22, 23, 24] See a GP if you have symptoms of a brain tumour that don't go away. It's unlikely to be a tumour, but it's best to be sure. Types

About Laura Dockrill

Selected characteristics of the included studies were summarized by treatment group, as means or medians, and standard deviation (SD), ranges or interquartile ranges for continuous variables, and as percentages and numbers for categorical variables. Median values were converted to mean with SD to facilitate computations 9, missed SD was calculated from the P-value 10. We used t test and Pearson’s χ 2 test to compare continuous and binary data, respectively. Values of P< 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

To perturb the butterfly compass, we performed a similar experiment as the one performed in Drosophila 3. However, instead of a vertical bar, we used the virtual sun as reference point of the insect compass. In the presence of the virtual sun, the butterfly flew for 9 min, and we changed the angular position of the sun every 90 s. In 15 experiments we changed the sun position in decreasing steps of 180°, 90°, 45°, 23°, and 15°. For the remaining 17 experiments, we exclusively changed the sun position in relatively large steps of 90° (3 times/experiment) or 180° (2 times/experiment). Preferred headings were measured every 90 s. Measuring tuning directedness (mean vector length) Taube, J. S. Head direction cells and the neurophysiological basis for a sense of direction. Prog. Neurobiol. 55, 225–256 (1998). Goulard, R., Buehlmann, C., Niven, J. E., Graham, P. & Webb, B. A unified mechanism for innate and learned visual landmark guidance in the insect central complex. PLOS Comput. Biol. 17, e1009383 (2021). IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J. & Borm, G. The Hartung–Knapp–Sidik–Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian–Laird method. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-25 (2014).Jiang, L. et al. Sex-specific association of circulating ferritin level and risk of type 2 diabetes: A dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 104(10), 4539–4551. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00495 (2019).