The Last Hours: Chain of Iron

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The series was originally meant to have a very tragic ending with numerous horrible deaths and the final scene being James on his deathbed as an old man reflecting on the best friendships of his life and seeing those friends waiting for him on the other side; [14] however, due to the pandemic, Cassie couldn't bring herself to write it in an already troubling time. [15] This change happened early on in the series' writing process so the characters are not completely the same as they would have been for said ending. [16] Reiff, William Michael; Long, Gary J. (1984). "Mössbauer Spectroscopy and the Coordination Chemistry of Iron". Mössbauer spectroscopy applied to inorganic chemistry. Springer. pp.245–83. ISBN 978-0-306-41647-7. Chemically, the most common oxidation states of iron are iron(II) and iron(III). Iron shares many properties of other transition metals, including the other group 8 elements, ruthenium and osmium. Iron forms compounds in a wide range of oxidation states, −4 to +7. Iron also forms many coordination compounds; some of them, such as ferrocene, ferrioxalate, and Prussian blue have substantial industrial, medical, or research applications.

Significant amounts of iron occur in the iron sulfide mineral pyrite (FeS 2), but it is difficult to extract iron from it and it is therefore not exploited. [49] In fact, iron is so common that production generally focuses only on ores with very high quantities of it. [50] Gaminchev, K. G.; Chamati, H. (3 December 2014). "Dynamic stability of Fe under high pressure". J. Phys. 558 (1): 012013(1–7). Bibcode: 2014JPhCS.558a2013G. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/558/1/012013.Unlike many other metals, iron does not form amalgams with mercury. As a result, mercury is traded in standardized 76 pound flasks (34kg) made of iron. [61] Fontenrose, Joseph (1974). "Work, Justice, and Hesiod's Five Ages". Classical Philology. 69 (1): 1–16. doi: 10.1086/366027. JSTOR 268960. S2CID 161808359. Schivelbusch, G. (1986) The Railway Journey: Industrialization and Perception of Time and Space in the 19th Century. Oxford: Berg. Examples of iron-containing proteins in higher organisms include hemoglobin, cytochrome (see high-valent iron), and catalase. [6] [143] The average adult human contains about 0.005% body weight of iron, or about four grams, of which three quarters is in hemoglobin – a level that remains constant despite only about one milligram of iron being absorbed each day, [142] because the human body recycles its hemoglobin for the iron content. [144] Most notably, Iron is the highest atomic number element that could be created in exothermic nucleosynthesis.

Kong, L. T.; Li, J. F.; Shi, Q. W.; Huang, H. J.; Zhao, K. (6 March 2012). "Dynamical stability of iron under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions". EPL. 97 (5): 56004p1–56004p5. Bibcode: 2012EL.....9756004K. doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/97/56004. S2CID 121861429. Ignition of a mixture of aluminium powder and iron oxide yields metallic iron via the thermite reaction: Ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O, a solid solution of periclase (MgO) and wüstite (FeO), makes up about 20% of the volume of the lower mantle of the Earth, which makes it the second most abundant mineral phase in that region after silicate perovskite (Mg,Fe)SiO 3; it also is the major host for iron in the lower mantle. [33] At the bottom of the transition zone of the mantle, the reaction γ- (Mg,Fe) 2[SiO 4] ↔ (Mg,Fe)[SiO 3] + (Mg,Fe)O transforms γ-olivine into a mixture of silicate perovskite and ferropericlase and vice versa. In the literature, this mineral phase of the lower mantle is also often called magnesiowüstite. [34] Silicate perovskite may form up to 93% of the lower mantle, [35] and the magnesium iron form, (Mg,Fe)SiO 3, is considered to be the most abundant mineral in the Earth, making up 38% of its volume. [36] Earth's crust Ochre path in Roussillon. a b Kohl, Walter H. (1995). Handbook of materials and techniques for vacuum devices. Springer. pp.164–67. ISBN 1-56396-387-6. The most abundant iron isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists because it represents the most common endpoint of nucleosynthesis. [22] Since 56Ni (14 alpha particles) is easily produced from lighter nuclei in the alpha process in nuclear reactions in supernovae (see silicon burning process), it is the endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars, since addition of another alpha particle, resulting in 60Zn, requires a great deal more energy. This 56Ni, which has a half-life of about 6days, is created in quantity in these stars, but soon decays by two successive positron emissions within supernova decay products in the supernova remnant gas cloud, first to radioactive 56Co, and then to stable 56Fe. As such, iron is the most abundant element in the core of red giants, and is the most abundant metal in iron meteorites and in the dense metal cores of planets such as Earth. [23] It is also very common in the universe, relative to other stable metals of approximately the same atomic weight. [23] [24] Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the universe, and the most common refractory element. [25] Photon mass attenuation coefficient for iron.

Tewari, Rakesh. "The origins of Iron Working in India: New evidence from the Central Ganga plain and the Eastern Vindhyas" (PDF). State Archaeological Department . Retrieved 23 May 2010.