The Rise, The Fall, and The Rise

Product Information

MacMullen, Ramsay. Corruption and the decline of Rome. Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-04799-1. From 376, massive populations moved into the Empire, driven by the Huns who themselves may have been driven by climate change in the Eurasian steppe. [1] [39] These barbarian invasions led ultimately to barbarian kingdoms over much of the former territory of the Western Empire. But the final blow came only with the Late Antique Little Ice Age and its aftermath, [33] when Rome was already politically fragmented and materially depleted. [40] Political crisis As the company expanded, Browne’s star rose. He created a cadre of trusted lieutenants, known as the “turtles” – after the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles who sprang into action when needed. They included Hayward and Looney. Browne was dubbed the “Sun King” in the industry after a 2002 profile warning about the risk of a monarchy-like system. Alongside successes, Browne presided over operational disasters, such as the Texas City refinery fire that killed 15 workers. None resulted in his exit. Browne declined to comment. Testa, Rita Lizzi (2007). "Christian emperor, vestal virgins and priestly colleges: Reconsidering the end of roman paganism". Antiquité tardive. 15: 251–262. doi: 10.1484/J.AT.2.303121. Archived from the original on 2022-10-07 . Retrieved 2023-03-13.

Harper, Kyle. The fate of Rome. Climate, disease, and the end of an empire. ISBN 978-0-691-19206-2. Princeton University Press 2017. In 313, Constantine the Great declared official toleration of Christianity. This was followed over the ensuing decades by the search for a definition of Christian orthodoxy all could agree upon. Creeds were developed, but Christianity has never agreed upon an official version of its Bible or its doctrine; instead it has had many different manuscript traditions. [74] Christianity's disputes may have effected decline. Official and private action was taken against heterodox Christians (heretics) from the fourth century up to the modern era. Limited action against pagans, who were mostly ignored, was based on the contempt that accompanied Christianity's sense of triumph after Constantine. [75] Christianity opposed sacrifice and magic, and Christian emperors made laws that favored Christianity. Constantine's successors generally continued this approach, and by the end of the fourth century, Christianity had become the religion of any ambitious civil official.

More episodes

The Praetorian Guard—the emperor’s personal bodyguards—assassinated and installed new sovereigns at will, and once even auctioned the spot off to the highest bidder. The political rot also extended to the Roman Senate, which failed to temper the excesses of the emperors due to its own widespread corruption and incompetence. As the situation worsened, civic pride waned and many Roman citizens lost trust in their leadership. 6. The arrival of the Huns and the migration of the Barbarian tribes By convention, the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476, when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus and proclaimed himself ruler of Italy. This convention is subject to many qualifications. In Roman constitutional theory, the Empire was still simply united under one emperor, implying no abandonment of territorial claims. In areas where the convulsions of the dying Empire had made organized self-defence legitimate, rump states continued under some form of Roman rule after 476. Julius Nepos still claimed to be Emperor of the West, and controlled Dalmatia until his murder in 480. Syagrius son of Aegidius ruled the Domain of Soissons until his murder in 486. [280] The indigenous inhabitants of Mauretania developed kingdoms of their own, independent of the Vandals, and with strong Roman traits. They again sought imperial recognition with the reconquests of Justinian I, and they later put up effective resistance to the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. [281] The civitates of Britannia continued to look to their own defence as Honorius had authorized; they maintained literacy in Latin and other identifiably Roman traits for some time although they sank to a level of material development inferior even to their pre-Roman Iron Age ancestors. [282] [283] [284] The Ostrogothic Kingdom, which rose from the ruins of the Western Roman Empire

Turchin, Peter; Scheidel, Walter (2009). "Coin hoards speak of population declines in Ancient Rome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 106 (41): 17276–17279. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..10617276T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904576106. PMC 2762679. PMID 19805043.

Brodd, Jeffrey (October 1995). "Julian the Apostate and His Plan to Rebuild the Jerusalem Temple". Bible Review. Biblical Archaeology Society. Theodosius was also associated with the ending of the Vestal virgins, but twenty-first century scholarship asserts the Virgins continued until 415 and suffered no more under Theodosius than they had since Gratian restricted their finances. [129] Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Fall of the West: The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower. ISBN 978-0-7538-2692-8. Phoenix, an imprint of Orion Books Ltd, 2010. Demandt, Alexander. 210 Theories. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13 . Retrieved 2018-11-22. , quoting Demandt, A. (1984). Der Fall Roms. p.695. Martindale, J.R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire volume II, A.D. 395–527. Cambridge University Press 1980.