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63 About this deal
At the 1961 London talks on the future of the Kenya Colony, Somali representatives from the Northern Frontier District (NFD) demanded that Britain arrange for the region's separation before Kenya was granted independence. [5] The British government appointed a commission to ascertain popular opinion in the NFD on the question. [5] The informal plebiscite demonstrated the overwhelming desire of the region's population, which mainly consisted of Somalis and Oromos, to join the newly formed Somali Republic. [12] A 1962 editorial in The Observer, Britain's oldest Sunday newspaper, concurrently noted that "by every criterion, the Kenya Somalis have a right to choose their own future[...] they differ from other Kenyans not just tribally but in almost every way[...] they are Hamitic, have different customs, a different religion (Islam), and they inhabit a desert which contributes little or nothing to the Kenya economy[...] nobody can accuse them of trying to make off with the national wealth". [13] Despite Somali diplomatic activity, the colonial government in Kenya did not act on the commission's findings. [5] British officials believed that the federal format then proposed in the Kenyan constitution would provide a solution through the degree of autonomy it allowed the predominantly Somali region within the federal system. [5] This solution did not diminish Somali demands for unification, however, and the modicum of federalism disappeared after Kenya's post-colonial government opted instead for a centralized constitution in 1964. [5]
Metz, Helen C., ed. (1992), "Coup d'Etat", Somalia: A Country Study , Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress , retrieved October 21, 2009 . a b c d e f Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. "The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science." Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering CenterBruce Baker, Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences, (Africa World Press: 2003), p.83 Somalia is separated from Seychelles by the Somali Sea and is separated from Socotra by the Guardafui Channel. Non speaker of Somali language are (1) wazigua, (2) Bajuni, (3) Barwani (4) Booni, (5) Tunni (ethnic Somalis who speak a different but closely related language to their fellow Somalis), the first 3 ethnic groups speak Bantu languages whilst the last two speak Cushitic languages. As fighting between Somaliland forces and clan militias on the outskirts of Las Anod continue, a contested and intensely polarised struggle around the dominant narrative has emerged. Fought largely through social media, this parallel war has drawn in participants from across the world, including diasporas, journalists, academics, and even rival US lobbying firms. This maelstrom of competing discourses tends towards explaining the drivers of the conflict in radically different and largely irreconcilable ways. The proposed cabinet failed to be affirmed by a margin of two votes. [5] Seven National Assembly members, including Shermarke, abstained, while forty-eight members of the SYL voted for Hussein and thirty-three opposed him. [5] Despite the apparent split in the SYL, it continued to attract recruits from other parties. In the first three months after the election, seventeen members of the parliamentary opposition resigned from their parties to join the SYL. [5]
After its conquest of Ethiopia in 1936, Italy also annexed the Huwan region. [6] In this way Italian Somaliland, with capital Mogadishu, was enlarged once more. Indeed, in early World War II, Italian troops invaded British Somaliland and ejected the British. [7] However, Britain retained administration of most of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District. [9] Italians even did a tentative to occupy French Somaliland in summer 1940. Candidates who had lost seats in the assembly and those who had supported them were frustrated and angry. [5] A number of charges were made of government election fraud, at least some firmly founded. Discontent was exacerbated when the Supreme Court, under its newly appointed president, declined to accept jurisdiction over election petitions, although it had accepted such jurisdiction on an earlier occasion. [5]
Mahmoud Harbi, a Somali politician who campaigned for French Somalia to join a united Somali state. Popular demand compelled the leaders of Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland to proceed with plans for immediate unification. [5] The British government acquiesced to the force of Somali nationalist public opinion and agreed to terminate its rule of British Somaliland in 1960 in time for the protectorate to merge with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) on the independence date already fixed by the UN commission. [5] In April 1960, leaders of the two territories met in Mogadishu and agreed to form a unitary state. [5] An elected president was to be head of state. [5] Full executive powers would be held by a prime minister answerable to an elected National Assembly of 123 members representing the two territories. [5] Accordingly, British Somaliland united as scheduled with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to establish the Somali Republic. On June 26, 1960, British Somaliland gained independence from Britain as the State of Somaliland. On July 1, 1960, the State of Somaliland unified with the Trust Territory of Somaliland, forming the Somali Republic. The legislature appointed the speaker of SOMALIA ACT OF UNION Hagi Bashir Ismail Yousuf as First President of the Somali National Assembly. The same day Aden Abdullah Osman Daar become President of the Somali Republic; Daar in turn at 22 July 1960 appointed Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as the first Prime Minister. [ citation needed] Shermarke formed a coalition government dominated by the Somali Youth League (SYL) but supported by the two clan-based northern parties, the Somali National League (SNL) and the United Somali Party (USP). [5] Osman's appointment as president was ratified a year later in a national referendum. [5]
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