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a b Smith TM, Tafforeau P, Reid DJ, Pouech J, Lazzari V, Zermeno JP, etal. (December 2010). "Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (49): 20923–20928. Bibcode: 2010PNAS..10720923S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1010906107. PMC 3000267. PMID 21078988. Further evidence of infections on Neanderthal anatomy are seen through ear infections due to the fact that their Eustachian tubes are flat. In comparison to modern humans, when infants grow up to become adults their Eustachian tubes become angled to allow for easy drainage of the ear and for bacteria to not grow in the ear. Based on evidence from Pagano, Márquez, and Laitman's study, Neanderthal’s ear canals never angled down when they aged, as compared to modern human adults, so their Eustachian tubes remained flat throughout their childhood and adulthood. [34] As a result of this, Neanderthals were more prone to ear infections which can even cause hearing loss. Today, Neanderthal ear infections are typically seen in their anatomy by bone growths on their skulls that were caused by the ear infection commonly known as “ swimmer’s ear.” A study from Trinkaus, Samsel, and Villotte's research article found that 48% of their 77 Neanderthal skull sample size showed that there were bone growths on the skulls to indicate the influence of “swimmer’s ear” infection. [35] Childhood [ edit ] a b De Groote I (October 2011). "The Neanderthal lower arm". Journal of Human Evolution. 61 (4): 396–410. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.007. PMID 21762953. On the ulna, the trochlear notch is facing more anteriorly, the brachialis insertion is lower, the mid-shaft is larger, and the shaft is more sinusoidal. [21]

Berger TD, Trinkaus E (November 1995). "Patterns of trauma among Neadertals". Journal of Archaeological Science. 22 (6): 841–852. doi: 10.1016/0305-4403(95)90013-6. Ayala FJ, Cela-Conde CJ (1 March 2017). Processes in Human Evolution: The journey from early hominins to Neanderthals and modern humans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191060458. McConnel S, McCall RD (11 December 2000). "Evolution of the Vocal Apparatus and Language Origins in the Homininae". ANT 320-01. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 July 2010.Jacob and Calvin agreed that even if no one watched their YouTube videos, they’d still be exploring the hundreds of local underground lava tubes and tree casts of southern Washington and Oregon, created by past eruptions from nearby volcanoes such as Mount Saint Helens. They both grew up hiking, and sometimes their family chose caves over waterfalls to visit along the way. But cavemen weren't watching their calories; they just didn't have access to the huge quantities of sugar available today. Modern technology allows humans to extract sugar from a wide range of sources — including sugar cane, maple trees, beehives and corn stalks — and ship that sugar around the world in huge quantities and at unprecedented speeds. Caves will always surprise me,” he said. They always offer something new, dropping off or bending in unexpected ways, or containing fascinating geological formations or conditions. “Is it going to be wet? Is it going to be dry? Is it going to be cold, dirty, muddy, clean? Is it going to be, like, pretty or is it going to be super ugly, you know, like a crawly cave that’s all spiky?” Walking keeps humans healthy by stimulating blood flow and flushing oxygen through the body. But today, modern civilization thrives largely on long-term sitting, to the detriment of physical and mental health.

He hadn't originally intended to star as the caveman but was persuaded otherwise by West End producers he held meetings with. For Calvin, it’s also a creative outlet, with the lighting, shooting and editing element thrown into the mix, as well as the opportunity to recite philosophical and often funny monologues about human nature. And he loves the psychological impact the videos have on the audience, who largely seem to be people who have claustrophobia and are engaging in a kind of exposure therapy. We evolved to walk, run, climb, dig and throw," Lieberman said. "That's how hunter-gatherers got their dinner every day."But after running into a few challenges on their own adventures, the pair decided to join their local “grotto”, a more formally organized chapter of the National Speleological Society, which started in the 1960s, long before technology like GPS. One study that measured the percentage of people in the United States who chose stairs over escalators when both were available side by side found that only 3 percent chose the stairs, Lieberman said.

In the video called “ The worst claustrophobic caving you will ever see”, for example, Calvin, a 46-year-old military veteran and experienced outdoorsman, and a small team of expert cavers use a drill to chip away at a long passageway before wedging themselves in to access a larger cavern below.Calvin said the types of dangers audience members ask about – such as poor air quality – weren’t real risks. And you’d never meet dangerous animals – the only wildlife are insects and bats. But there is no cellphone service, and it can be cold. The temperature is nearly always hovering around 48F. After sweating heavily through an arduous passageway, it can feel frigid. Hypothermia is a real risk, and so is pure exhaustion from over-exertion. Trinkaus E, Holliday TW, Auerbach BM (March 2014). "Neandertal clavicle length". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (12): 4438–4442. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.4438T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1402439111. PMC 3970543. PMID 24616525. In 2021, the DIY guru created another viral sensation—the unorthodox Caveman Slippers, modelled after human feet. As frightening and grotesque as they are, the Caveman Slippers are perfectly in-line with Moosvi’s sense of humor and previous work. Helmuth H (1998). "Body height, body mass and surface area of the Neanderthals". Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie. 82 (1): 1–12. doi: 10.1127/zma/82/1998/1. PMID 9850627.

Pagano AS, Márquez S, Laitman JT (December 2019). "Reconstructing the Neanderthal Eustachian Tube: New Insights on Disease Susceptibility, Fitness Cost, and Extinction". Anatomical Record. 302 (12): 2109–2125. doi: 10.1002/ar.24248. PMID 31472033. S2CID 201731755. Guatelli-Steinberg D, Reid DJ, Bishop TA, Larsen CS (October 2005). "Anterior tooth growth periods in Neandertals were comparable to those of modern humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (40): 14197–14202. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..10214197G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0503108102. PMC 1242286. PMID 16183746.Humans lived thousands of years walking barefoot and developing calluses that would protect their feet from twigs and stones, before eventually inventing protective soles that are now called shoes.