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The females (or "cows" as they are often called) usually measure 162–205cm (64–81in) in length and weigh 80–120kg (180–260lb). [145] The males (or "bulls" as they are often called) are typically larger (to an extent which varies between the different species and subspecies), measuring 180–214cm (71–84in) in length and usually weighing 159–182kg (351–401lb). [145] Exceptionally large bulls have weighed as much as 318kg (701lb). [145] Weight varies drastically between the seasons, with bulls losing as much as 40% of their pre-rut weight. [146] a b c d e Mizin, I.A. (2018) The current state of the wild reindeer in Russia - general overview of the situation. Barents office of WWF Russia Russian Arctic National Park for World Wildlife Fund, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 8 pp. Golden eagles prey on calves and are the most prolific hunter on the calving grounds. [187] Wolverines will take newborn calves or birthing cows, as well as (less commonly) infirm adults. Abbreviations: AMNH the American Museum of Natural History; BCPM the British Columbia Provincial Museum (= RBCM the Royal British Columbia Museum), NHMUK the British Museum (Natural History) (originally the BMNH), DMNH the Denver Museum of Natural History, MCZ the Museum of Comparative Zoology, MSI the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, NMC the National Museum of Canada (originally the CGS Canadian Geological Survey Museum, now the CMN Canadian Museum of Nature), NR the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, RSMNH the Royal Swedish Museum of Natural History, USNM, the U. S. National Museum, ZMASL the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences), Leningrad

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Tomson Highway, CM [241] is a Canadian and Cree playwright, novelist, and children's author, who was born in a remote area north of Brochet, Manitoba. [241] His father, Joe Highway, was a caribou hunter. His 2001 children's book entitled Caribou Song/ atíhko níkamon was selected as one of the "Top 10 Children's Books" by the Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail. The young protagonists of Caribou Song, like Tomson himself, followed the caribou herd with their families. Names follow international convention [7] [8] before the recent revision [9] (see Taxonomy below). Reindeer/caribou ( Rangifer) vary in size from the smallest, the Svalbard reindeer ( R. ( t.) platyrhynchus), to the largest, Osborn's caribou ( R. t. osborni). They also vary in coat color and antler architecture. Shapkin, A. (2017). "About phenotypic variability of taimyr tundra wild reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus)". Genetika i razvedenie životnyh[ Genetics and Breeding of Animals] (in Russian and English). 1: 22–30.The reindeer or caribou [a] ( Rangifer tarandus) [5] is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, subarctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of Northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. [2] This includes both sedentary and migratory populations. It is the only representative of the genus Rangifer. Herd size varies greatly in different geographic regions. More recent studies suggest the splitting of reindeer and caribou into six distinct species over their range.

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Reindeer have specialized counter-current vascular heat exchange in their nasal passages. Temperature gradient along the nasal mucosa is under physiological control. Incoming cold air is warmed by body heat before entering the lungs and water is condensed from the expired air and captured before the reindeer's breath is exhaled, then used to moisten dry incoming air and possibly be absorbed into the blood through the mucous membranes. [142] Like moose, caribou have specialized noses featuring nasal turbinate bones that dramatically increase the surface area within the nostrils. A darker belly color may be caused by two mutations of MC1R. They appear to be more common in domestic reindeer herds. [140] Heat exchange [ edit ] Carl Linnaeus in 1758 named the Eurasian tundra species Cervus tarandus, the genus Rangifer being credited to Smith, 1827. [36] The status of the Dolphin-Union "herd" was upgraded to Endangered in 2017. [201] In NWT, Dolphin-Union caribou were listed as Special Concern under the NWT Species at Risk (NWT) Act (2013).There is strong regional variation in Rangifer herd size. By 2013, many caribou herds in North America had "unusually low numbers" and their winter ranges in particular were smaller than they used to be. [200] Caribou numbers have fluctuated historically, but many herds are in decline across their range. [174] There are many factors contributing to the decline in numbers. [175] Boreal woodland caribou [ edit ] Jeff, we've never seen a sexy reindeer, but we do understand that Space Giraffe on Xbox Live Arcade divided quite a lot of people. Even their hooves are special. In the summer, when the ground is wet, their foot pads are softened, providing them with extra grip. In the winter, though, the pads tighten, revealing the rim of their hooves, which is used to provide traction in the slippery snow and ice. 9. some reindeer migrate longer distances than any other land mammal. Male ("bull") and female ("cow") reindeer can grow antlers annually, although the proportion of females that grow antlers varies greatly between populations. [7] Antlers are typically larger on males. Antler architecture varies by species and subspecies and, together with pelage differences, can often be used to distinguish between species and subspecies (see illustrations in Geist, 1991 [13] and Geist, 1998). [14] Status [ edit ] Reindeer are ruminants, having a four-chambered stomach. They mainly eat lichens in winter, especially reindeer lichen ( Cladonia rangiferina); they are the only large mammal able to metabolize lichen owing to specialised bacteria and protozoa in their gut. [179] They are also the only animals (except for some gastropods) in which the enzyme lichenase, which breaks down lichenin to glucose, has been found. [180] However, they also eat the leaves of willows and birches, as well as sedges and grasses.

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a b c S. A. Byun; B. F. Koop; T. E. Reimchen (2002). "Evolution of the Dawson caribou ( Rangifer tarandus dawsoni)". Can. J. Zool. 80 (5): 956–960. doi: 10.1139/z02-062. S2CID 4950388. Reindeer/caribou ( Rangifer) are in the subfamily Odocoileinae, along with roe deer ( Capreolus), Eurasian elk/moose ( Alces), and water deer ( Hydropotes). These antlered cervids split from the horned ruminants Bos (cattle and yaks), Ovis (sheep) and Capra (goats) about 36 million years ago. [48] The Eurasian clade of Odocoileinae (Capreolini, Hydropotini and Alcini) split from the New World tribes of Capreolinae (Odocoileini and Rangiferini) in the Late Miocene, 8.7–9.6 million years ago. [49] Rangifer “evolved as a mountain deer, ...exploiting the subalpine and alpine meadows...”. [14] Rangifer originated in the Late Pliocene and diversified in the Early Pleistocene, a 2+ million-year period of multiple glacier advances and retreats. Several named Rangifer fossils in Eurasia and North America predate the evolution of modern tundra reindeer. Reindeer are the only successfully semi-domesticated deer on a large scale in the world, and both wild and domestic reindeer have been an important source of food, clothing, and shelter for Arctic people throughout history and are still herded and hunted today. Wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting." [6] In some traditional Christmas legends, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to good children on Christmas Eve.

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A 2022 study of ancient environmental DNA from the Early Pleistocene (2 million years ago) Kap Kobenhavn Formation of northern Greenland identified preserved DNA fragments of Rangifer, identified as basal but potentially ancestral to modern reindeer. This suggests that reindeer have inhabited Greenland since at least the Early Pleistocene. Around this time, northern Greenland was 11–19 °C warmer than the Holocene, with a boreal forest hosting a species assemblage with no modern analogue. These are among the oldest DNA fragments ever sequenced. [65] [66] Taxonomy [ edit ]

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A variety of predators prey heavily on reindeer, including overhunting by people in some areas, which contributes to the decline of populations. [130] Robbins, Jim (14 April 2018). "Gray Ghosts, the Last Caribou in the Lower 48 States, Are 'Functionally Extinct' ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 18 April 2018. Humans started hunting reindeer in both the Mesolithic and Neolithic Periods, and humans are today the main predator in many areas. Norway and Greenland have unbroken traditions of hunting wild reindeer from the Last Glacial Period until the present day. In the non-forested mountains of central Norway, such as Jotunheimen, it is still possible to find remains of stone-built trapping pits, guiding fences and bow rests, built especially for hunting reindeer. These can, with some certainty, be dated to the Migration Period, although it is not unlikely that they have been in use since the Stone Age. There are only two genetically pure populations of wild reindeer in Northern Europe: wild mountain reindeer ( R. t. tarandus) that live in central Norway, with a population in 2007 of between 6,000 and 8,400 animals; [222] and wild Finnish forest reindeer ( R. t. fennicus) that live in central and eastern Finland and in Russian Karelia, with a population of about 4,350, plus 1,500 in Arkhangelsk Oblast and 2,500 in Komi. [223] East of Arkhangelsk, both wild Siberian tundra reindeer ( R. t. sibiricus) (some herds are very large) and domestic reindeer ( R. t. domesticus) occur with almost no interbreeding by wild reindeer into domestic clades and none the other way (Kharzinova et al. 2018; [224] Rozhkov et al. 2020 [225]).

In 2011, noting that the former classifications of Rangifer tarandus, either with prevailing taxonomy on subspecies, designations based on ecotypes, or natural population groupings, failed to capture "the variability of caribou across their range in Canada" needed for effective subspecies conservation and management, COSEWIC developed Designatable Unit (DU) attribution, [34] an adaptation of "evolutionary significant units". [78] The 12 designatable units for caribou in Canada (that is, excluding Alaska and Greenland) based on ecology, behavior and, importantly, genetics (but excluding morphology and archaeology) essentially followed the previously-named subspecies distributions, without naming them as such, plus some ecotypes. Ecotypes are not phylogenetically based and cannot substitute for taxonomy. [79] Reindeer have been domesticated at least two and probably three times, in each case from wild Eurasian tundra reindeer after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). [204] [48] Recognizably different domestic reindeer breeds include those of the Evenk, Even, and Chukotka-Khargin people of Yakutia and the Nenets breed from the Nenets Autonomous district and Murmansk region; [205] the Tuvans, Todzhans, Tofa (Tofalars in the Irkutsk Region), the Soyots (the Republic of Buryatia), and the Dukha (also known as Tsaatan, the Khubsugul) in the Province of Mongolia. [206] The Sámi ( Sápmi) have also depended on reindeer herding and fishing for centuries. [207] :IV [208] :16 In Sápmi, reindeer are used to pull a pulk, a Nordic sled. [90] Reindeer vary greatly in size and color from the smallest, the Svalbard reindeer ( R. ( t.) platyrhynchus), to the largest, Osborn's caribou ( R. t. osborni). Although reindeer are quite numerous, some species and subspecies are in decline and considered vulnerable. They are unique among deer (Cervidae) in that females may have antlers, although the prevalence of antlered females varies by species and subspecies. In Eurasia, the Sakhalin reindeer is extinct (and has been replaced by domestic reindeer) and reindeer on most of the Novaya Zemlya islands have also been replaced by domestic reindeer, although some wild reindeer still persist on the northern islands. [23] Many Siberian tundra reindeer herds have declined, some dangerously, but the Taymir herd remains strong and in total about 940,000 wild Siberian tundra reindeer were estimated in 2010. [16] The shoulder height is usually 85 to 150cm (33 to 59in), and the tail is 14 to 20cm (5.5 to 7.9in) long.