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When the Binet-Simon scale made its way over to the United States, Stanford psychologist Lewis Terman adapted the test for American students and published the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale in 1916 (Cherry, 2020). On the one hand, Spearman claims that intelligence is generalizable across many different areas of life, and on the other hand, psychologists such as Thurstone, Gardener, and Sternberg hold that intelligence is like a tree with many different branches, each representing a specific form of intelligence. In one experiment, students in a California elementary school were given an IQ test, after which their teachers were given the names of students who would become “intellectual bloomers” that year based on the results of the test (Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968).
Another important part of the puzzle to consider is the social and environmental context in which an individual lives and the IQ test-related biases that develop as a result.
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Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily-kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership. Exercise is also important because it improves our endurance and stamina and therefore helps ensure our body is able to help us meet our goals. Rest and rehabilitate to develop a stronger relationship with your body Beyond that, what we are praised for when we are young sets up the mechanism for what we want to achieve later in life, which is why it is so important to reinforce positive behaviours in children.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9 (3), 185-211. Demetriou, A.; Mouyi, A.; Spanoudis, G. (2010), "The development of mental processing", in Overton, W. F. (ed.), The Handbook of Life-Span Development: Cognition, Biology and Methods, John Wiley & Sons, pp.36–55, ISBN 978-0-470-39011-5Our bodies are amazing examples of intelligent design and function, performing trillions of operations every second. Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267-298. Klein, Perry, D. (1997). "Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight: A critique of Gardner's theory". Canadian Journal of Education. 22 (4): 377–94. doi: 10.2307/1585790. JSTOR 1585790. S2CID 6560781. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) General intelligence, also known as g factor, refers to a general mental ability that, according to Spearman, underlies multiple specific skills, including verbal, spatial, numerical, and mechanical.
Binet, A., Simon, T., & Simon, T. (1912). A method of measuring the development of the intelligence of young children. Chicago medical book Company. But it is important to recognize that the majority of the world’s population does not reside in Europe or North America, and as a result, the cultural specificity of these tests is crucial. The latest version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) was standardized on 2,200 healthy people between the ages of 16 and 90 years (Brooks et al., 2011).The same review presents evidence to demonstrate that cognitive neuroscience research does not support the theory of multiple intelligences: Together, these examples illustrate the flexibility of defining intelligence, making capturing this concept in a single test, let alone a single number even more challenging. And even within the U.S., do perceptions of intelligence differ?
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